Ad network
Publishers using Amazon Publisher Services
304 publishers list Amazon Publisher Services as a direct partner (222 verified in its sellers.json). Another 118 reach it only through resellers.
- Verified1dot.games1dot.gamessince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedACTIONFIT Inc.actionfit.co.krsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedadaric.comadaric.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedFunlab Gamesahugames.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedaigames.aeaigames.aesince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedAMANOTES PTE. LTD.amanotes.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedapp-ads-txt.meapp-ads-txt.mesince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedAppgenerationappgeneration.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedApps Mobile Gamesapps.com.trsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedAppsyouloveappsyoulove.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedAshita Gamesashitagames.co.jpsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedavakin.comavakin.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedAzur Interactive Games Limitedazurgames.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedBELKA GAMESbelka-games.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedberesnev.gamesberesnev.gamessince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedbestplaygame.combestplaygame.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedFUNJOYbetta-games.netsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedbettagames.combettagames.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedbettergamesstudio.com.aubettergamesstudio.com.ausince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedBíblia Offlinebibliaconsigo.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedbitlifeapp.combitlifeapp.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedblast-interactive.comblast-interactive.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedBlowfire Ltd.blow-fire.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedbluetile.combluetile.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedBoombox Games LTDboomboxgames.netsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedMad Brain Games LTDbraingames.netsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedbravehk.combravehk.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedBreeze Gamesbreezegames.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedbrew-games.combrew-games.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedKingbubblewitch2saga.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedKingbubblewitch3saga.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedburny.gamesburny.gamessince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedcaesarsgames.comcaesarsgames.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedKingcandycrush.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedKingcandycrushfriendssaga.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedKingcandycrushjellysaga.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedKingcandycrushsodasaga.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedcasualjoygames.comcasualjoygames.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedCBS Interactivecbsnews.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedCentury Games PTE. LTD.centurygame.com · also Century Games Pte. Ltd.since Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedCentury Games PTE. LTD.centurygames.com · also Century Games Pte. Ltd.since Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedchillbase.netchillbase.netsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedcombineinc.comcombineinc.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedGaming Laboratorycountergirlspi.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedcozycraft.gamecozycraft.gamesince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedCrazyLabs LTDcrazylabs.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedCrunchyroll, LLCcrunchyroll.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedWonderful Studiocrushblocks.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedWood Puzzle Sudoku Gamesdingshanmobile.com · also Lynn Mobile Puzzle Gamessince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifieddragonvalegames.comdragonvalegames.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedElectronic Artsea.com · also ELECTRONIC ARTSsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedEstotyestoty.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedHydodoeyewind.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedfaithmobile.onlinefaithmobile.onlinesince Nov 14, 2026
- Verified1SOFTfalcongames.com · also FALCON GAMEsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedFALCON GAMESfalcongames.com.vnsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedFandango Mediafandango.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedKingfarmheroessaga.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedKingfarmheroessupersaga.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedfingerush.comfingerush.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedflyyestechnology.comflyyestechnology.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedFreeplay Incfreeplay.iosince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedftads.netftads.netsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedfugo.com.trfugo.com.trsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedfunburstgameltd.comfunburstgameltd.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedfunchip.netfunchip.netsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedFunCraft Gamesfuncraft.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedfungames-forfree.comfungames-forfree.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedgamebasics.nlgamebasics.nlsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedgamee.comgamee.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedGamee Globalgameestudio.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedGameloft SEgameloft.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedGames Vesselgamesvessel.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedGamoVationgamovation.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedgeishatokyo.comgeishatokyo.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedGimica GmbHgimica.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedGame Maker Ltd.gmaker.topsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedgreatplay.gggreatplay.ggsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedGuru Puzzle Gamegurugame.aisince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedWarnerMedia Global Digital Services, LLChbomax.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedhigame.com.vnhigame.com.vnsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedhigameglobal.comhigameglobal.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedCobby Labshiggsgamestudio.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedhighcore.iohighcore.iosince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedhiplay4fun.comhiplay4fun.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedHI STUDIO LIMITEDhistudiogames.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedHitapps Games LTDhitappsgames.com · also Hitapps Gamessince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedhmblapps.comhmblapps.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedHOMA GAMEShomagames.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedhouseoffun.comhouseoffun.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedDisneyhulu.com · also Hulu, LLCsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedHungryStudiohungrystudio.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedNebula Studiohurelax.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedHYPERCELLhypercell.gamessince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiediKame Games - Zego Studioikameglobal.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedIlyonilyon.netsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedinnplaylabs.cominnplaylabs.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiediposeidonbussiness.comiposeidonbussiness.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiediscoolentertainment.comiscoolentertainment.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedjacat.gamesjacat.gamessince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedJam City, Inc.jamcity.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedjindoblu.comjindoblu.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedTopy Gamesjoygame.sitesince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedGismartjoyteractive.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedjoyvendor.netjoyvendor.netsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedStella Joy Studiojungfrautechs.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedjwthegame.comjwthegame.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedkayac.gameskayac.gamessince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedKetchappketchappgames.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedKingking.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedkooapps.comkooapps.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedkryss.appkryss.appsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedKwalee Ltdkwalee.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedlahanagames.comlahanagames.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedZenPuzlbsbanana.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedleapjoys.comleapjoys.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedlessmore.gameslessmore.gamessince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedlinkdesks.netlinkdesks.netsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedLion Studios Pluslionstudios.cc · also Lion Studiossince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedlongsealink.comlongsealink.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedFreeplay Incloveplaygames.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedmagicword.onlinemagicword.onlinesince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedMatryoshkamatryoshka.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedmax.commax.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedGismartmczapps.infosince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedplayducky.commelonsandbox.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedmergegamespetsharbor.commergegamespetsharbor.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedMicrojoy Gamesmicrojoygame.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedMiniclip.comminiclip.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedmnogoteams.commnogoteams.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedMondayOFFmondayoff.mesince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedmoonee.iomoonee.iosince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedMurka Games Limitedmurka.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedmyfitnesspal.commyfitnesspal.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedMTAG PUBLISHING LTDmysterytag.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedMytonamytona.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiednewplg.devnewplg.devsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedNFL Enterprises LLCnfl.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedNimbleMind Network Inc.nimblemind.studiosince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiednuclearport.netnuclearport.netsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedThe New York Times Companynytimes.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedolzhassolzhass.netsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedoneway.stoneway.stsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedOvidiu Popovilex.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedMindful Daily Puzzlespandasofcaribbean.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedPandorapandora.com · also Pandora Media, LLCsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedParadyme Gamesparadym3.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedparadyme.gamesparadyme.gamessince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedCBS Interactiveparamountplus.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedpeacewordstudio.compeacewordstudio.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedPeacock TV LLCpeacocktv.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedPeakpeak.com · also Peak Gamessince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedPeopleFunpeoplefun.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedKingpetrescuesaga.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedpinterest.compinterest.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedPlaydayyplaydayy.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedPlayfluxplayflux.cosince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedplayorcas-game.complayorcas-game.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedPLAYSTUDIOS US, LLCplaystudios.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedplaywsop.complaywsop.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedpluto.tvpluto.tvsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedPocketFMpocketfm.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedPOLYVERSE INC.polyversestudio.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedPopMediapop-media.bizsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedpsvgamestudio.compsvgamestudio.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedpuzzling.compuzzling.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedQuriousBit Gamesquriousbit.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedredecor.comredecor.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedredoceanapps.comredoceanapps.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedroku.comroku.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedRollic Gamesrollicgames.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedRovio Entertainment Oyrovio.com · also Rovio Entertainment Oyjsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedRunyou Gamesrygamestudio.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedSayGames Ltdsay.gamessince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedScopelyscopely.com · also Scopely, Inc.since Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedSeverexseverex.iosince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedsling.comsling.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedslotomania.comslotomania.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedsmartronic.com.trsmartronic.com.trsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedSocial Pointsocialpoint.essince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedsolitairecardstudio.comsolitairecardstudio.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedsolitairegamesfreeinc.comsolitairegamesfreeinc.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedSupertreat - A Playtika Studiosolitairegrandharvest.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedsolve4fun.comsolve4fun.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedSoundCloudsoundcloud.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedspektra.gamesspektra.gamessince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedstorm8.comstorm8.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedstormborn.krstormborn.krsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedSunday.ggsunday.ggsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedSuperPlaysuperplay.co · also SuperPlay.since Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedsupersolid.comsupersolid.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedsupersonic.comsupersonic.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedOutfit7 Limitedtalkingtomandfriends.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedSenior Gamestellmewow.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedThe Fashion Valleythefashionvalleystudio.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedGameParkthegamepark.cosince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedPeopleFunthrivegames.funsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedNEPTUNE(TREEPLLA)treeplla.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedTripledot Studios Limitedtripledot.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedTripledot Studios Limitedtripledotstudios.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedXombat Development - Airline manager gamestrophy-games.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedtubitv.comtubitv.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedUbisoft Entertainmentubisoft.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedUnico Games Studiounicogames.com.trsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedUnico Studiounicostudio.cosince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedusatoday.comusatoday.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedvertigogames.covertigogames.cosince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedvinted.comvinted.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedVira Games Inc.vira.gamessince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedvix.comvix.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedvizio.comvizio.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedvoodoo.iovoodoo.iosince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedWhoyaho Corp.whoyaho.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedWild Candle Spin LLCwildcandlespin.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedwildlifestudios.comwildlifestudios.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedWoogawooga.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedwordsearchgamesinc.comwordsearchgamesinc.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedSUPERIOR STUDIOygamestudio.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedyologamestudios.comyologamestudios.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedZego Global Pte Ltdzegostudio.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- Verifiedzenlifegames.comzenlifegames.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- VerifiedZyngazynga.com · also Gram Games Limitedsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryABI GLOBAL LTD.abigames.com.vnsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryagileliongames.comagileliongames.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryAstrasen Globalastrasen.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediarybagelcode.combagelcode.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryblitz-app.ioblitz-app.iosince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediarybofangames.combofangames.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryCedar Games Studiocedargamestudio.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediarycrimeradar.uscrimeradar.ussince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryctcgamestudio.comctcgamestudio.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediarydinogameltd.comdinogameltd.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediarydiscoveryplus.comdiscoveryplus.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryEasybraineasybrain.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryPeopleFunechidna.gamessince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryemochi.comemochi.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryemvz.topemvz.topsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryDisneyespn.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryevrikagames.comevrikagames.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryFIOGONIA LIMITEDfiogonia.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryfreedrama.appfreedrama.appsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryCSCMobi Studiosfriday2game.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryfriedchickengames.comfriedchickengames.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryGame District LLCgamedistrict.iosince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediarygamegears.onlinegamegears.onlinesince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryGhost Studio Companyghoststudio.netsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediarygoldenwildreels.xingoldenwildreels.xinsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryGreenTTeaGamegreentteagame.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryIvyivymobilegame.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryjishatech.comjishatech.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryjoymaster-studio.comjoymaster-studio.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryKerun Gameskerungames.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediarykiwifungames.comkiwifungames.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryLeap Game Studiosleapgames.mobisince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediarylovecoloringgame.cclovecoloringgame.ccsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryMad1 Gamesmad1games.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryMalpa Gamesmalpagames.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediarymatchgames.iomatchgames.iosince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryAAA Funnewpub.cosince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediarynewsbreak.comnewsbreak.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryOakever Gamesoakevergames.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryPlaySimple Gamesplaysimple.insince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryplayspare.complayspare.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryrapidrabbit.onlinerapidrabbit.onlinesince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryAppQuantumredcellgames.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryRed Shift Gamesredshift-games.cosince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryrocketadsltd.comrocketadsltd.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryrooftopgames.com.trrooftopgames.com.trsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryShinrays Gamesshinrays-studio.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryShycheeseshycheese.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediarystick hunterstick-hunter.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediarystudioadept.comstudioadept.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediarySupercent, Inc.supercent.iosince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediarySuper Freesuperfree.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediarythegoodtoseeyou.comthegoodtoseeyou.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediarythekokozone.comthekokozone.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediarytheminiplay.comtheminiplay.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryUltraPubultrapub.netsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryunicornstudio.onlineunicornstudio.onlinesince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryuscrimeradar.comuscrimeradar.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryviki.comviki.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryVita Studio.vitastudio.aisince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryX-FLOWxflowgames.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryzingplay.comzingplay.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- intermediaryWONDER GROUPzuiqiangyingyu.cnsince Nov 14, 2026
- unverifiedAgave Gamesagave.gamessince Nov 14, 2026
- unverifiedaimtopgame.ltdaimtopgame.ltdsince Nov 14, 2026
- unverifiedBitMangobitmango.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- unverifiedfingersoft.comfingersoft.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- unverifiedgamehaus.comgamehaus.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- unverifiedgoodroid.co.jpgoodroid.co.jpsince Nov 14, 2026
- unverifiedH2T GLOBAL PTE. LTD.h2tstudio.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- unverifiedHello Games Teamhello-games.netsince Nov 14, 2026
- unverifiedLoop Games A.S.loopgames.netsince Nov 14, 2026
- unverifiedMAG Interactivemaginteractive.com · also Kozakura Gamessince Nov 14, 2026
- unverifiedMille Crepe Studios Co., Ltd.millecrepestudios.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- unverifiedMOBIBRAIN TECHNOLOGY PTE. LTD.mobibrain.netsince Nov 14, 2026
- unverifiedUtility Apps Homesettingshome.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- unverifiedtactilegames.comtactilegames.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- unverifiedTEEWEE LIMITEDteewee.gamessince Nov 14, 2026
- unverifiedTrucker Pathtruckerpath.comsince Nov 14, 2026
- unverifiedtwitch.tvtwitch.tvsince Nov 14, 2026
- unverifieduuteamtechnology.ltduuteamtechnology.ltdsince Nov 14, 2026
- unverifiedvpki9tm6.comvpki9tm6.comsince Nov 14, 2026
"Since" is the first time IDOwl saw the relationship, not necessarily when it started.